Thursday, 27 September 2012

BRIEF HISTORY OF NIGERIA - 1960 - 2002

                                    
 1960    October 1.  National Independence.  Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa  becomes
first Nigerian  Prime Minister.  Nigeria join the UN as the 99th member.
Commonwealth membership is also attained.

1963    October l.  Nigeria  becomes a Republic. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe becomes the first
President.

1966    January 14-15.  First military coup. Balewa and other prominent leaders are
killed.  Major-General Aguiyi-Ironsi becomes Head of State on  January. 
1966    July 29.   Second military coup. Ironsi is killed. Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon becomes
Head of State.             Many Easterners in the North are massacred.  Exodus begins to 
the Eastern Region.

1967    May 27  Gowon creates 12 states from the four regions. 
1967    May 30  Ojukwu, military governor of the Eastern Region,  declares the Eastern
Region to be the Independent Republic of Biafra.
1967    July 6.  Civil War begins.

1970    January 15.  Biafra surrenders and rejoins  Nigeria.   1.5 million live lost, mainly
to starvation.
1970    December 31   Public Education Edict 1970, published in East Central State of Nigeria, calling for the take over of schools. This was made retroactive to 26 May
            1970.  The  take over, management and ownership of all primary and secondary
            schools.

1972    April 2. Nigeria changes from ‘left-hand-drive’  to ‘right-hand-drive.’ 
The National Stadium is opened.

1973    January l.  Money changes from  the Pound to the Naira. 
1973    May 22.  National Youth Service Corps  is  introduced.

1975    July 29.  Third military Coup. Bloodless coup.   Brig. Murtala Muhammed
replaces Gowon.  Obasanjo becomes Chief of Staff.
1975    October.  A Commission set up to draft a new Constitition and to return Nigeria to
civil rule.

1976   February 3.  Seven states are created, thus  there is a total  of 19.  Announcement
is made that Abuja is proposed as the new Federal Capital.
1976   February 13.  Fourth military coup, led by Col. Dimka.  Murtala  Muhammed is
killed.  Lt. General  Olusegun Obasanjo becomes Head of State on the following
day.
1976   Universal Primary Education, and Operation Feed the Nation are launched.

1977.  January 15 to  February 12. The Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) is held in
Lagos and Kaduna.  
            .
1978   September 12. Ban on political parties is lifted.  The 12 year old state of
emergency is lifted.

1979.   Elections are held for federal representatives and senators.
1979    August 11. Presidential elections.  Shehu Shagari wins.  He will be the first civil
            ruler since  1966.

1979    October 1.  Shehu Shagari  becomes President.  The end of military rule and the
beginning of the Second  Republic.

1980    May.   Religious violence in Zaria. Much  property is destroyed.
1980    December 18-20   Riots in  Kano.  The  Maitatsine sect,  4,177 are killed.

1982    September 29 – October 3. Disturbances in  Kaduna,  Kaduna State.   53 killed
and many churches  are burned.
1982    October 29-30. Further trouble in  Maiduguri,  Borno State,  Maitatsine sects.
118 die.
           
1983   August.  Shehu Shagari re-elected President for second four year term.
1983   December 31,  New Year’s Eve.  Fifth Military Coup,  Major-General Muhammad Buhari becomes Head of State.  Babangida and Abacha are among the coup plotters.

1984    February 27 – March 5.  Disturbance in Yola,  Gongola State.  Maitatsine sect, 
568 die.

1985    April 26-28   Riot in Gombe,  Bauchi State.    Maitatsine sect.   105  die.
1985    August 27.   6th Military Coup, Chief of Army Staff, Major General
Ibrahim B.Babangida becomes Military President.

1986    7th Coup, Coup attempt  by General Mamman Vatsa  fails.  Coup plotters are
            executed in March.
1986    March,   Palm Sunday.    Christians and Muslims clash during processions in
Ilorin,  Kwara State.
1986    May.  At the University of Ibadan,  Muslims burn the figure of the Risen Christ at
the Catholic Chapel of the Resurrection.
1986    October 16.    Wole Soyinka is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, the first
African  writer so honored.

1987    March  5th and following days.  In Kafanchan, Kaduna State,  Christians and
Muslims clash at the College of Education.  100 Churches and Mosques burned.

1987    March.   Katsina,  Funtua, Zaria, Gussau and Kaduna (Kaduna State). A wave of
religious riots,  many churches are burned and property destroyed,  and many
lives are lost.
1987    June.  An Advisory   Council on Religious Affairs is established,  as a forum for
            improving Christian-Muslim relations.
1987    September.  A Transition to civil rule begins, under Babangida,  as local elections
are scheduled.  Originally intended for 1990, then put off to 1992, and then 1993.
Two more states (Katsina and Akwa-Ibom) are created,  thus 21 total.
1987    December 12.  Local elections are held, but many are declared invalid.

1988.   March 26.  New local elections are held.
1989    The ban on political parties is lifted.  Thirteen parties register, but are rejected.
So two are created by the government for the elections  scheduled for December
8, 1990.
1989    February 6-11,   2nd Art Fair

1990    April 22. Coup Attempt by Major Gideon Orkah.  42 coup plotters will be
executed on July 27.
1990    November.   Rev.  Reinhard  Bonnke, German evangelist,   speaks in Kaduna,  
500,000 attend.

1991    April     In  Katsina, several lives are lost.  Sh’ite sect  in Katsina led by  Malam
Yahaya Yakubu  stirs up trouble.
            At the end of  April,  in Tafawa Balewa  (Bauchi State)  over 200  lives are
            lost, and property and 20 churches are destroyed.
1991   October   14- 15.  In   Kano, the attempt of the Izala sect to stop Rev. Bonnke
from preaching  becomes violent  Thousands of lives are lost and property destroyed.
1991    Number of States is increased to 30.  
            November 27-29.  Census shows the population to be 88.6. million, less than
expected. 
1991    December 12   President Babangida moves his Presidential office and residence to
Abuja, which now officially becomes the Capital of Nigeria.
1991    December,  elections are held for governors and  state legislatures.

1992    February  6th  and then  May  15-16     Zango Kataf,   Zaria,  Kaduna State    
Communal clash  becomes a religious clash,  with lives and property destroyed.
1992    July 4.  Elections for National Assembly are held.
            August 7.  Presidential primaries are held, but the government disallows the
results.  New primaries in September are also disallowed.

1993    Funtua  (Katsina State).    Kalakato religious sect assaults a village head.
50 lives are lost and property destroyed.
1993    June 12 Election.  Abiola would win over Tofa.
1993    June 23.  President Babangida nullifies the elections of June 12.
1993    August 26.  President Babangida, on the day before he had promised to hand over
to civilian rule,  steps down and hand power over to the Interim National
Government of  Chief  Ernest Shonekan.
1993    November 17.  Palace coup,  9th Coup for Nigeria,  as Minister of Defence, Sani 
Abacha becomes  Head of State.  He dissolves all parties and  government
legislatures,  all democratic institutions.

1994   May 21.  A mob kills four men in Ogoniland. Eventually Ken Saro-Wiwa  is
hanged for  allegedly being behind this.
1994   June 12.  M.K.O. Abiola declares himself President but he is arrested one week
later.
1994   June 27.  The Constitutional Conference Committee begins its work. It submits
a report one year later.

1995    Alleged abortive coup attempt.  Forty persons are convicted. Among them,
Obasanjo and  Yar’adua  are imprisoned.  (10th Coup)
1995    November  10    Ken Saro-Wiwa  and eight others are executed.   He was a writer, 
            and leader of the Ogoni people.

1996    May 11.  Nnamdi Azikwe dies, age 92.  He was the first President of Nigeria.
1996    June 4.   Kudirat Abiola,  age 44,  wife of  Chief Abiola who is in prison,   is
assassinated in Lagos.
1996   October 1   Six more States are created, so there are now  36.
1996   November 7.   ADC plane crashes on way from Port Harcourt to Lagos, near
Lagos.  143 die, including  Claude Ake.

1997.  December 21.   Alleged 11th attempted coup. Second in Command, Chief of Staff 
Lt. General Oladipo Diya  is arrested.

1998    June    Sani Abacha dies of a  heart attack.   General Abdusalami Abubakar
becomes Head of  State.   He frees Obasanjo from prison, and promises
democracy by  May 29,  1999.
1998.   July 7.  Abiola  dies in prison, while being visited by a delegation from the
            U.S.A. government.

1999   February 27.   Presidential Elections are held, and  Obasanjo is the winner.
1999.   May 20.   Muslim-Christian riots  in Kaduna, for three days,  several hundred
are feared dead.
1999.   May 29.  Obasanjo becomes President.
            Ijaw and Itsekiri fight in Delta Region, over 200 are killed
1999.   July 18    Hausa and Yoruba riot in Shagamu,  over 60 are killed. This leads to 
trouble in Kano  where over 70 are killed.
           August  11.  About 200 are killed as the army intervenes in Taraba State
           October.  Sharia Law in is introduced in Zamfara  State.
           November 25. Yoruba and Hausa clash in Lagos,  about 100 are killed.

2000   February. Riots in  Kaduna over the introduction of  Sharia. Over 400
are killed.

2001   September 7.    Christian-Muslim conflicts  in Jos. Over 500 are killed.
2001   October  12-14   In Kano, there are anti-American riots, because of USA
intervention in Afghanistan.   At least 350 are killed.
            October 12.     19 soldiers are killed  after feuds near Benue and Taraba States.
October  21-22   The massacre of 200 civilians in Benue State by soldiers, in
retaliation for  19 soldiers  who were killed.   No one is held accountable for the
massacre.  President Obasanjo  defends it.
          
2001   December 23.   Attorney General of Nigeria, Bola Ige  is assassinated.
           

2002    January 27.  Army Munitions depot in Lagos explodes, over 1000 die in panic.
2002    May 28.  The findings of the Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission
(Oputa  Panel)  are released.
2002    June 23    Three new political parties are  approved by  INEC.

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